Machine for cutting clutches



E. WIL DHAB ER MACHINE FOR CUTTING CLUTCHES 6 Sheets-Sheet 1- OriginalFiled Dec.

ERNEST- WILD/mask 3nuentor Sept. 2, 1952 E. WILDHABER MACHINE FORCUTTING CLUTCHES Original Filed Dec. 21, 1942 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 a a "WLW/Fig]? F f18 Fd fi ERNEST WILDHABER Ati'omy E. WILDHABER MACHINE FORCUTTING CLUTCHES Sept. 2, 1952 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 Driginal Filed Dec.

Fif 25 my: 24 F 25 F 26' Zhweutot Eklvefsf WI LOHABR Sept. 2, 1952 E.WILDHABER MACHINE FOR CUTTING CLUTCHES 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 Original FiledDec.

#1 m 3 a a Inventor zmvzs'r WUJDHHBER Sept. 2, 1952 E. WILDHABER MACHINEFOR CUTTING CLUTCHES 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 Original Filed Dec.

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fANEs 7" W/LD HA BER Eu V ep 1952 E. WILDHABER MACHINE FOR CUTTINGCLUTCHES 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 Original Filed Dec. 21, 1942 ERNEST W/LDHHBERu g i Rain-nay Zhmeutor moved into engagement and illustrating theprinciple on which the generating motion employed in producing thechamfered portions of the teeth of one of the clutch members is based;

Fig. 8 is afragmentary axial sectional view showing two face millcutters such as may be employed for cutting the two members of theclutch pair, respectively, and showing the relationship which existsbetween these two cutters;

Fig. 9 is a view on an enlarged scale of matching blades of the twocutters, further illustrating the relationship in construction whichexists between the cutters;

Figs. 10 to 19 inclusive are diagrammatic views illustrating successivesteps 1 in the chamfering and cutting of opposite sides of spaced teethof a clutch member according to the method of application Serial No.469,610, Figs. 10 to 14 inclusive being views of thecutting andchamfering of one side of a tooth of the clutch member, and

Figs. 22 to 31 inclusive illustrate diagrammatically a furthermodification of the process of generating the chamfer and cuttingopposite sides of spaced teeth of a clutch member according to themethod of application Serial No. 469,610, Figs. 22 to 26 inclusive beingviews of the cutting and chamfering of one side of a tooth of the clutchmember, and Figs. 27 to 31 inclusive being views of the cutting andchamfering of the opposite side of a spaced tooth of the clutch member;

Fig. 32 is a plan view illustrating more or less diagrammatically aclutch-cutting machine constructed according to one embodiment of thisinvention;

Fig. 33 is a fragmentary view of the work end of the machine showing thework head upright in elevation and the workhead in section in a planeperpendicular to the work spindle;

Fig. 34is a drive diagram of the machine when arranged for one method ofoperation;

Fig. 35 is a velocity diagram of a simple Geneva motion in which thedriver has two rollers spaced 180 apart;

Fig. 36 is a velocity diagram of a simple Geneva motion having adifferent phase from that of Fig. 35;

Fig. 37 illustrates diagrammatically what happens when the two Genevamotions of Figs. 35 and 36 are combined, as they may be in the machineconstructed according to the present invention, in order to produce theintermittent rotation of the work required for chamfering and indexingwhere the chamfer surface of the clutch member is to be generated;

. Fig. 38 is a fragmentary view, showing how the drive of my machine maybe modified for a modified method of machine operation;

Fig. 39 is a velocity diagram illustrating the rotational movement ofthe work spindle when the drive is arranged as shown in Fig. 38 forcutting the teeth of a clutch member according to the modified processshown in Figs. 22 to 31 inclusive; and

Figs. 40, 41 and 42 are views similar to Fig. 38 illustrating how thedrive mechanism of the machine may be further modified to permit cutting4 formed clutches, double-helical, and saw-tooth clutches, respectively.

A machine for cutting and chamfering clutch teeth built according to oneembodiment of the present invention is illustrated ,somewhatdiagrammatically in .Figs. 32 and 33. This machine is suited to produceface clutches of practically any type and in addition may be employedeven for the cutting of bevel or hypoid gears without generating roll.It is shown in use cutting and chamfering clutch teeth.

The work piece, which is to be cut, is denoted at 220. It is secured inany suitable manner to a work spindle 221 which is journaled in avertically adjustable slide 222. Slide 222 is mounted for adjustment ina direction perpendicular to the axis of the work spindle along theguideways of an upright 223. This adjustment is useful in themanufacture of saw tooth clutches and of bevel and hypoid gears.

Upright 223 is angularly adjustable on guideway 224 of a sliding base225 about an axis 226 which is perpendicular to and intersects the axis221 of the work spindle. The base 225 slides on ways 228 provided on theframe 229 of the machine. The slidingbase is used for adjustment of thework in accordance with the height of the blades of the cutting tool;and it moves, during operation of the machine, to effect the depthwisefeed movement. 1 a

A face mill cuttertor an annular grinding wheel is used for a cuttingtool. The cutter 230 is secured to a spindle (not shown) that isjournaled in a swivel head 23! which is mounted on a slide 232 foradjustment angularly about an axis 233 'which'is perpendicular to theaxis 234 of the cutter spindle. The slide 232 is mounted on the base 229of the machine for lateral adjustment in the direction of the arrow 235.The base 229 is provided with ways 231 for this purpose. Thevariousparts of the machine can be driven in any suitable manner toeffect cutting of a desired form of clutch or gear.

One way in which the machine may be geared is illustrated in Fig. 34.Here power is derived from a motor 240. This motor drives the cutter 230through its armature shaft 241, the bevel gears 242 and 243, the spurchange gears 246 and 241, the shaft'248, and the hypoid gears 249 and250. The last-named gear is secured to the cutter spindle 25l. v

The shaft 253 drives a shaft 255 through spur change gears 245 and 244.There is a bevel gear 256 secured to shaft 255 which drives a matingbevel gear 251 that is secured to a shaft 259. There is a hypoid pinion262 secured to the shaft 259 and this pinion drives the hypoid gear 263which is secured to the feed cam 264 of the machine. The feed cam ismounted on a shaft 265 that is journaled in any suitable manner in thebase 229 of the machine. It is operatively connectedby a suitablefollower in known manner to the sliding base 225 to produce the desireddepthwise feed movement of the work as the cam rotates on'its axis.

The shaft 253 drives a shaft 258 through the spur change gears 2-60 and26 I. There is a hypoid pinion 210 secured to the shaft 258 at one endthereof. This pinion meshes with a hyphoid gear 21I that is fastened toa shaft 212. Mounted on opposite ends of the shaft 212 are the two drivemembers 213 and 214, respectively, of two Geneva mechanisms. The drivemember 213 may be fixedly secured to the shaft 212, but the drive member214 ispreferably connected to the shaft 'aeoaeoe 'by means of a toothedclutch which may comprise an external spur gear 215 and internal gearteeth provided on the drive member 214. The spur gear 215 is'fixedlysecured to shaft 212. This clutch permits of the drive member 214 beingadjusted angularly with reference to the drive member 213 to vary thephases of the two Geneva motions relative to one another for thepurposes which will appear hereinafter.

The drive member 213 carries two pins 216 and 211 which engage in theslots of a Geneva wheel 218. The drive member 214 carries two pins 219and 280 which engage in the slots of a Geneva wheel 28!. The two Genevawheels are rigidly secured to aligned shafts 282 and 283, respectively,whose adjacent ends project into and are journaled in a differentialhousing 284. Journaled on the stud 285 which is secured in thedifferential housing is a planetary pinion 286. This meshes with the twoside gears 28! and 288 of the differential which are secured to theinner ends of the shafts 282 and 283, respectively.

Motion of the differential housing is transmitted to shaft 290 through aspur gear 29L which is secured to or integral with the differentialhousing, and a spur gear 292 which meshes therewith and which is securedto the shaft 290. The shaft 290 drives shaft 294 through spur changegears 295, 236, 291, and 298. There is a worm 299 fixedly secured to theshaft 294, and this worm meshes with and drives the worm wheel 300 whichis secured to the work spindle 22L The differential serves to combinethe two motions of shafts 282 and 283 so that the resultant motion maybe transmitted to the work spindle 22]. Thus the work spindle may berotated intermittently in time with the fed motion of the sliding base,may intermittently be held stationary, and may be intermittentlyindexed. Known means may be employed to lock the Geneva wheels againstrotation when the pins of the driving members are out of engagement withthem.

Another way in which the work spindle may be driven is illustrated inFig. 40. This drive is intended for use where the work is heldstationary during cutting and is only rotated intermittently forindexing. Here drivers 333 and 334 are substituted for the drivers 213and 214 (Fig. 34). Each of the drivers 333 and 334 has but a singledriving pin. These pins are denoted 335 and 336, respectively. Here thedrivers are in the same phase. Shaft 212 isdriven at the rate of onceper tooth cycle. Accordingly, the work spindle remains stationary on itsaxis during 270 of rotation of shaft 212 and is indexed during 90 ofrotation of that shaft through operation of the two Geneva wheelsactuated by drivers 333 and 334, respectively. Hence, during feed of thecutter into the work, the work may be held sta tionary on its axis; andwill be rotated only for indexing when the cutter has been withdrawn.

Figs. 1 to 19 inclusive illustrate one type of clutch whose members maybe cut on the machine of this invention and disclose diagrammaticallyhow this may be done. and 61 denote, respectively, the twomembers of theclutch pair. The member 60 has teeth 62 which extend generally radiallyof the clutch axis 63 and whose opposite sides 64 and 65 arelongitudinally concave. The mating clutch member Bl' has teeth 66 whichextend generally radially of the clutch axis 63 and whose opposite.sides li'i and 68- are longitudinally convex.

'Theteeth -62- of' member 60 are chamfered along their top edges on bothsides as denoted at '10 and II; The-teeth 66 of -member 6! are chamferedalong their top edges on both sides as denoted at 12 and 13.

The sides of the teeth of both clutch members are of zero pressure anglein the'instance shown, that is, the profiles of the sides 64 and 65 and61 and 68 of'the teeth of both members extend in the direction of theclutch axis 63. In the instance shown, the sides of the teeth of bothclutch members are cylindrical surfaces parallel to clutch axis 63.Moreover, opposite sides of spaced teeth of each clutch member areportions of a common cylindrical surface. Thus, opposite sides 64a and65b of the teeth 62a and 32b, respectively, of clutch member 60 areparts of a common cylindrical surface whose axis is at 15 and isparallel to the clutch axis 63. Likewise, opposite sides 68a. and 61b ofspaced teeth 66a and 66b, respectively, of clutch member 3| are portionsof a common convex cylindrical surface whose axis is at 16 parallel toclutch axis 63.

The chamfered portions 10 and II of the teeth of the clutch member '60are surfaces of revolution concentric with the corresponding sides ofthe teeth. Thus, the chamfered portions Mia and Nb at opposite sides ofthe teeth 62a and 621), respectively, are longitudinally concavesurfaces of revolution of convex profile shape whose common axis is at13. The chamfered portions '12 an'd13ofclutch member Bl are on the otherhand helicoidal'surfaces of varying lead conjugate to the chamferedportions of the teeth of the clutch member 60. They are oflongitudinally convex shape and of convex profile shape. The termhelicoidal surface is used in this application in a broad sense todescribe a surface enveloped by a surface of revolution which movesalong and about an axis, usually with a varying ratio of angular to'axial motion.

For cutting and chamfering the teeth of clutch member 60, a face millcutter 83 (Figs. 4, 8 and 9) may be used. This is secured to the cutterspindle 25! (Fig. 34) of the machine so that its axis coincides with theaxis 234 of the spindle. The blades 8! of this cutter may be all outsidecutting blades. Each may have a straight sidecutting edge 83 of zeropressure angle, a concave chamfering edge 84, a tip cutting edge 85 anda round 83 which connects the side-cutting edge 83 with the tip cuttingedge 85. The concave chamfering edge lies below the side-cutting edgeadjacent the shank or body portion of the blade. The front faces of theblades may be sharpened in the usual manner with side rake and theoutside surfaces of the blades may be relieved with a combined radialand axial relief to provide keen outside cutting edges and keenchamfering edges. Theclearance, or non-cutting, sides of the bladesmaybe of any suitable shape, but preferably are ground as surfaces ofrevolution.

The cutter is preferably positioned to cut simultaneously in two spacedtooth zones of the work and with its axis parallel to the axis of thework and coinciding with the axis 15 of the tooth surfaces to be cut onthe work. This position is achieved by adjusting the swivel head 23!(Fig. 32) and the upright 223 of the machine so that the axes 234 and231 of the tool and work spindles are parallel. Cutting is effected byrotating the cutter spindle while holding the work spindle stationaryand while effecting, by movement of sliding base 225 under actuation ofcam 264 (Fig. 34), arelative depthwise feed movement 7 between thecutter and the work until full depth position is reached. For-thistypeof cutting operation, the single-pin Geneva wheels 333 and 334 will beemployed in the machine as described with reference to Fig. 40. Q

In full depth position, the straight side-cutting edges 83 (Fig. 9) ofthe. cutter will sweep out and form opposite sides 64 and 65 on spacedteeth of the work which are coaxial and longitudinally concavecylindrical surfaces, while the concave chamfering edges 84 of thecutterwill sweep out and form chamfer surfaces In and H of convexprofile at these same sides of the spaced teeth of the work which arecoaxial with one another and with the said sides of the teeth as alreadydescribed. 18 (Fig. 3) denotes the path of a point in the chamferingedge of thetool, and 11 the path of a point in the side-cutting edge ofthe tool at full depth.

When a pair of tooth sides have been cut and chamfered, the cutter iswithdrawn from engagement with the work by cam 264 and the work indexedby action of drivers 333 and 334 and Geneva wheels 218 and 28l. Then thecycle begins anew. Thus the tooth sides and chamfer surfaces of theclutch member 60 may be produced simultaneously in a forming operationand in a rapid and efiicient process.

With the drive modified, as shown in Fig. 40, by simple substitution ofsingle-pin Geneva drivers 333 and 334 for two-pin Geneva drivers 213 and214, the machine can be used also for formcutting bevel and hypoidgears. The side tooth surfaces of such gears are surfaces of revolution,counterparts of the cutting surface of the cutting tool.

The form-cutting method used in cutting and chamfering the teeth ofclutch member 69 cannot be applied to thecutting and chamfering of theteeth of the mating clutch member. 6|, for if the chamfer surfaces ofboth members were form-cut, the chamfered portions of mating teeth wouldcontact only at the outer ends of the teeth as the clutch members weremoved into engagement, and the chamfered portions accordingly could notcarry heavy loads. With machines of the present invention, however, itis possible to chamfer the teeth of the clutch member 6| so that anydesired amount of lengthwise contact can be obtained between theengaging clutch members as they move into engagement. This contact mayextend along the whole length of the chamfered portions of the teeth ifdesired or along any portion of that length. This contact is obtained bygenerating the chamfered portions 12 and 13 of the teeth of the clutchmember 6| so that they have profile shapes conjugate to the profileshapes of the chamfered portions and ll of the teeth of the clutchmember 60 and so that their lengthwise shapes match to any desiredextent the lengthwise shapes of the chamfered portions of clutch member69.

For cutting and chamfering clutch member 6|, a face mill cutter 90(Figs. 6, 8 and 9) may be employed that has a plurality of insidecutting blades 9| which are arranged circularly about the axis 92 of thecutter and which have cutting portions projecting beyond one side faceof the cutter in the general direction of the axis 92 of the cutter. Theblades 9| have straight inside cutting edges 93, chamfering edges 94,and tipcutting edges 95. The side-cutting edges 93 may be of zeropressure angle or of slight negative pressure angle, that is, of slightnegative inclination to cutter axis 92. The chamfering edges 94 are ofconvex profile shape, but unlike the chamfering edges84 of cutter 80,the chamfering edges 94 of the cutter are arranged adjacent the tips ofthese blades instead of adjacent the shank portions of the blades. Infact, the chamfering edges 94 of blades 9| connect the side-cuttingedges 93 of the blades with the tip-cutting edges 95 thereof.

The convex chamfering edge 94 of a blade 9| has the same profile shapeas the convex chamfer surface 10 or of clutch member 60, that is, it isa circular arc of the same radius 96 as the concave chamfering edge 84of a blade 8| of cutter 80. It will be seen, therefore, that when thecutter 90 is rotated on its axis 92, it embodies the chamfered portionsof clutch member 69.

To generate the required chamfer on the teeth of the clutch member 6|,the cutter 99 should be rotated on its axis in engagement with the workwhile a relative feed movement is effected between the cutter and thework about the clutch axis 63 and in the direction of said axis. Themotion produced should be as if the clutch member 60 were contacting atvarious points along the height of the chamfered surfaces of its teethwith the chamfered surfaces of the clutch member 6| as the two clutchmembers are moving into engagement. In other words, in cutting thechamfered portions of the teeth of clutch member 6|, the cutter 90,which represents the chamfered portion of a tooth of the clutch member69, should assume such positions relative to the work as are assumed bythe chamfered portions of a tooth of the clutch member 60 as thechamfered portion of that tooth engages with and moves over thechamfered portion of a mating tooth of clutch member 6| during movementof the two clutch members into engagement. One of the positions ofpartial engagement of the two clutch members is shown in Fig. '7.

The relationship of the cutters B0 and 90 for cutting the two clutchmembers is clearly illustrated in'Figs. 8 and 9. It is seen that theconvex chamfering edge 94 of a blade 9| of cutter 90 matches the concavechamfering edge 84 of a blade 8| of cutter 89. Moreover, the convexchamferin profile 94 is an arc of the identical circle but preferably ismade to extendslightly beyond the concave chamfering edge 84. Thestraight side-cutting edges 83 and 93 of the two blades need not match.In fact, the straight side-cutting edge 93 of blade 9| is slightlyinclined to the straight side-cutting edge 83 of blade 8|. The insidecutting diameter of cutter 90 will be the same as the outside cuttingdiameter of cutter 80' if the mating chamfer surfaces and matingsidesurfaces of the two clutch members are to have full length contact,but lengthwise mismatch of ma ing chamfer and mating side surfaces canbe obtained by using a cutter of smaller inside diameter to cut clutchmember 6| and skipping less teeth between the two tooth zones in whichthis cutter operates.

In cutting the chamfered portions of clutch member 6|, the rotationabout the clutch axis 63 is usually performed by the work and the feedmovement in the direction of the clutch axi is also performed bythe'work. There is a definite coordination required between the rotationabout the clutch axis and the feed lengthwise of this axis. The requiredcoordination may be determined to correspond to assumed means chamferprofiles, for instance, by layout. The chamfered surfaces 12 and 13produced are helicoidal surfaces, usually helicoidal surfaces of varyinglead.

The rotary motion of the work need. take place only while achamfered-surface is being cut. The sides 61 and 68 of the teeth may becut with the work stationary by depthwise feed of the rotating cutterinto the work. The chamfered part at one side of a tooth of the work maybe cut during in-feed while the blank is bein rotated in time with thein-feed movement. Then the rotation of the blankmay be stopped but .thein-feed continued to causethe cutter .to cut simultaneously the side ofthe tooth previously chamfered and theopposite side of-a spaced tooth ofthe work as portions of a common surface of revolution. Then the cuttermay be with- V drawn and, when it has been partially withdrawn, the workrotation may commence again so that during the last part of thewithdrawal motion, the cutter will chamfer the last-named tooth on thesame side as has been out.

The cutting and chamfering cycle, which is preferably used for clutchmember 61, is illustrated in Figs. 10 to 19 inclusive. Preferably thecutter 90 is positioned to operate in two separate tooth spaces of thework simultaneously. Figs. 10 to 14 inclusive illustratethe cuttingaction which takes place in. one zone of cutting engagement, namely, inthe cutting and chamfering at one side of a tooth 661). These arefigures looking from the inside of the clutch outwardly.

Figs. 15 to 19 inclusive illustrate the cutting action which takes placein the other zone of cuttin engagement, namely, in the cutting andchamfering at one side of tooth 66a. These views are looking from theoutside of the clutch inwardly. The rounded chamfering'edges 94 of thecutting blades BI, therefore, are at the right in both instances.

Fig. 10 shows the start of the cut on the rounded chamfer surface 13bof-tooth 66b. The final shape of the tooth space adjacent the tooth sideb is shown in dotted lines. While the cutter is cutting in'the toothspace 6% of the blank, it is also cuttin in'the tooth space 69a. Thestart of the cut in the latter'tooth space is shown in Fig. 15. As therotating cutter is fed relatively depthwise into the blank, the blank isrotated on its axis in time with the depthwise feed movement togeneratethe chamfer surface 13b. When the cutter reaches the positionillus. trated in Figs. 11 and 16', the .chamfer surface 13b iscompleted. Then the turning motion about the clutch axis 63 ceases, butthe depthwise feed in the direction of this axis continues. Figs. 12 and1'7 show the position of the cutter at full depth. Here the side-cuttingedges 93 will have cut the opposite sides 61b and 68a of the teeth 66band 66a and the chamfering edges 94 of the cutter will sweep outandproduce the rounded fillets which join these tooth sides with thebot-- toms of the toothspaces GQband 69a. Then the withdrawal motionstarts. At the position indicated in Figs. 13 and 18, the cutter hasbeen withdrawn far enough for the chamfering of the side 12a of tooth66a to start. Then the rotation about the work axis begins again, and asthe cutter travels outwardly from the position of Figs. 13 and 18 to theposition of Figs. 14 and. 19, it produces the chamfered surface 12a oftooth 66a. As soon as the cutter has moved clear of the work, the blankis indexed. Then the cutter is fed back into engagement with the workand the cycle of chamfering andcutting opposite sides of spaced teeth ofthe work begins anew,

In Figs. 10 to 19 inclusive, dotted line I00 denotes the path ofthecenters 88 of chamfering surface 72a of tooth 55a is being producedwhen edges sdof cutter 90 at one tooth zone of the work, and dotted linel0! denotes the path of these same centers in the other tooth zone ofthe work during the cutting and chamfering cycle.

Different relative angular positions of the cutter about the clutch axisduring cutting and chamfering of opposite sides of spaced teeth ofclutch member 6! are shown diagrammatically in Fig. 5. The chamferedportion Nb of tooth 66b of clutch member BI is being produced when theaxis of the cutter is at 92 and the cutter has been partially fed intodepth. The path of a point in the cutting edge of the tool for thisposition is denotedat 91'. The side surface 61b of tooth 66b and theoppositeside surface 68a of tooth a spaced from toothfitb' are formedwhen the cutter axis is in mean position 52, and the cutter is moving tofull depth position. The path of said point in the cutting edge of thetool for this position is denoted at 9?. The chamfered the cutter axisis at position 82 and the cutter is being partially withdrawn. 91",denotes the path of the same cutting point when the cutter is at thiscutting position. In this way, the chamfered portion of one side of atooth and subsequently the opposite sides of this tooth and of a spacedtooth are cut during the in-feed, While the chamfered portion of theopposite side of the spaced tooth is produced during the out-feed.

Let us now consider the turning motions to be imparted to the clutchblank when the chamfer surfaces are to be generated and particularly themotions required to be employed to cut the clutch according to the cycledescribed with reference to Figs. 5, 6, and 10 to 19 inclusive. Here theblank is rotated during chamfering but is held stationary except for itsaxial depthwise feed while the straight side surfaces of the teeth arebeing cut. As the cut starts at the top of a tooth in thechamferingoperation and gradually generates the chamfered surface at oneside of a tooth, the speed of rotation of the work should gradually slowdown. so that it is at zero when the chamfer is completed and thecutting of the sides of the teeth is to begin. The blank is stationaryfor a'time while the sides proper are being cut and during withdrawal.The rotational movement is gradually resumed in the same direction asbefore with a slow start when the chanifer surface at the opposite sideof a tooth spaced from the tooth previously chamfered is being cut onthe way out.

The required turning motion can be derivedconveniently from knownmotions, as, for instance, a Geneva motion. Fig. 28 is a velocitydiagram of a Geneva motion with the angle of .JOtEttlOlfl'Of the driverplotted on abscissa X-'X and the turning velocity of the drivenmemberfor the instantaneous ratio plotted as the ordinate. This diagram is forat Geneva motion in which the driver carries two pins 180 apart.

. The driven member starts to move at point 296.

At point 20 l it has reached the velocity measured by distance 2il|-202,assuming that the driver is turning at a constant rate. The velocityincreases to its maximum at 294 and then drops down again, reaching zeroat point 2&3. The distance 233-293 corresponds to of rotation of thedriver. The driven member then remains stationary for 90 of rotation ofthe driver. Then it is driven again up to the maximum velocity and backto rest while the second pin is in operation. Distance 205-208corresponds to 90 of rotation of the driver during operation of thesecond pin.

Fig. 29 is a velocity diagram of a Geneva motion like Fig. 28 but havinga different phase. The motion of the driven member starts here when thedriver is rotated to point 291' and when the velocity plotted in Fig. 28has approximately reached its peak 204. 208 denotes the point when thedriven member comes to rest at the end of operation of the first pin,while 209 and 219 denote, respectively, the beginning and end ofoperation of the second pin.

When. two Geneva motions, such as illustrated in Figs. 28 and 29, areadded together, as can be done by means of a differential, a velocitydiagram as shown in Fig. 30 results. The motion here plotted can be usedin the cutting of a member [H or I2I'. This is the motion that may beobtained by using the two-pin drivers 213 and 214 of Fig. 34. Thechamfer cut may start at point 2H and end at point 2I2 with the driversrotating and driving the work spindle 22 I through differential 284while the work is being fed into the cutter through operation of cam264. Then the work may remain stationary during rotation of the driversfrom point 2 I2 to point 2I3 during which the fed of the work to fulldepth and partial withdrawal of the work and cutting of opposite sidesof spaced teeth of the work may take place; and then rotation of thework will start again for the chamfering of the opposite side of thetooth, the chamfering ending at 2 I4. Between 2M and 2I5, the work willbe indexed. Then the cycle will start anew, chamfering at one side of atooth taking place during rotation of the blank from 2 I5 to 2I6,cutting of the sides from partial withdrawal taking place while the workis stationary during interval 2I6-2I'I and chamfering of the oppositeside of a spaced tooth taking place during rotation from 2 II to 2 I8,and the blank being again indexed in the portion 2I8-2II of the-cycle.

The machine may be used in producing various other forms of clutchteeth. Figs. and 21 show two other forms that may be cut when themachine is geared as shown in Fig. 34.

In Fig. 20, I95 denotes the profile of the chamfered surface at one sideof a tooth I96. This profile is a circular arc whose center is at IIII.Such a chamfer surface joins the straight zero pressure angle tooth sideI98 smoothly without angle. The center I01 may be midway between thesides I98 and I09 of the tooth I96 and the top of the tooth may be fullyrounded, as shown. In Fig. 21, the chamfer surface I I5 is again ofcircular arcuate profile shape, but its profile shape is of largerradius being centered at III. The chamfer surfaces H5 and H4 at thesides of thetooth I I9 may join the respective tooth sides I I8 or H9 atslight angles. Of course, the chamfer surfaces need not be of circulararcuate profile shape but may be of any desired profile curvature.

Figs. 22 to 31 inclusive illustrate another clutch member III and howthe same may be cut. Figs. 22 to 26 inclusive are views from the insideof a clutch member outwardly at one zone of cutting engagement, whileFigs. 27 to 31. inclusive are views of the simultaneous positions of thecutter in engagement with the work at the other zone of its cuttingoperation and looking from the outside of the'clutch member inwardly.

Here a face-mill cutter is employed whose blades I86 have convexchamfering edges I89 adjacent their tips and straight side-cutting edgesI81 of positive pressure angle. The cutter is tilted with reference tothe work in accordance withthe pressure angle of the tooth sides to becuton the work. The chamfering of the teeth of clutch member III is doneby rotation of the cutteron its axis and a feed motion about and in thedirection of the clutch axis. A tooth is chamfered at one side thereofduring the first part of the in-feedmovement and a spaced tooth ischamfered at the opposite side thereof during the last part of theout-feed movement. In contradistinction to the method of cuttingillustrated in Figs- 10 to 19 inclusive, one side surface of a toothis'finished'before full depth is reached and the other side after fulldepth by slightlyturning the "clutch blank toward the cutter,'first inone directionand then in the other. This permits of finishingtheopposite sides I9I and I92 of theclutch teeth with the side-cuttingedges I8I'of the 'cutter in contrast to the action of the cutter 9I, forinstance, which cuts the sides of the clutchteeth with its convexcutting edges 94. Smoother tooth surface finish can be obtained withthe' embodiment of the in-' vention shown in Figs. 22 to 31. I

Fig. 22 shows' 'the'start of generation of the rounded chamferportionI93 of one of the teeth of the clutch member. Fig. 27 shows thepositionsimultaneously assumed by the cutter in the other tooth zone of thework. "As the cutter rotateson its axis, relative feed motion isefiected about and in the direction of the work axis. .The cuttertherefore moves from the position shown in Figs. 22 and 2'7.to theposition shown in Figs. 23 and 28. The centers of curvature I95 of thechamfering edges I89 of the blades travel along the. path I96 inone'tooth zone from position I95a to' position I95b and for the othertooth zone along path I91 from position I95u to position I95v.. When thecutter attains the position shownin Fig. 23,'the chamfer I93 will havebeen completed. In cutting this clutch member, the rotational movementof the work does not cease when the chamfer portion of the tooth hasbeen generated but :it continues at a decreased rate through a slightlygreater angle. It ceases and is reversed near the full depth position ofFigs. 24 and: 29. The'position'of' the center of the chamfering edgejustbefore reversal of the work rotation is denoted at I950 and theposition after reversal is' denoted at I95d for one tooth zone of thework while the corresponding positions are denoted at. I95wand I950: forthe other tooth zone of the work. Before reaching the full depthposition of Fig. 29, the cutter in its operation in the tooth zone ofFig. 29 will have finished the tooth side I92. The direction of rotationof the work is again reversed soon after the cutter leaves. full depthposition on the withdrawal movement, the center of the chamfering edgemoving to position I95e. This reversal of movement causes the cutter toclean up the stock between the roughed tooth side I9I and the finishedtooth side I9I (Fig. 24) and the straight side I9I .of a tooth'isfinished with straight side cutting edge I81. This completes the wholeof one side of one tooth as shown in Fig. 25. It will be noted that theprofile center of the chamfering edge forms a flat 100p. As the toolmoves further out of cutting depth, it produces a chamfered surface I94,the production of the chamfer starting when the cutter is in theposition shown in Fig. 30 with'the'center of the chamfering surface atI951 and-being practically completed in the position shown in Fig; 31when the center of the chamfersurface' is at I952. Fig. 26 shows theposition of the cutter corresponding to that 13 of Fig. 31 for the othertooth zone of the work. Here the center of th chamfering edge is at [95calong path I96. When the cutter has cleared the blank in the withdrawalmovement, the blank continues to rotate to present two new tooth sidesto the cutting tool and the cutting cycle then begins anew. W 7

When it is desired to cut a clutch member such as illustrated inFigs. 22to 31 inclusive a slight modification in the drive of the machine isrequired, see Fig. 38. Here the driver 273 is replaced by a driver 303having four drive pins spaced 90 apart. Three of these are shown at 304,365 and 326, respectively. Driver 214 isalso removed and a spur gear 308is substituted therefor. This spur gear is keyed to the shaft 212. TheGeneva Wheel 28l need not be removed from shaft 283, but is, of course,inoperative. A spur gear 389 is secured, however, to the outer end ofthe shaft 283, and additional spur gears 3H] and 3i are mounted on anintermediate shaft, whose axis is indicated at 3| 2, to mesh with thespur gears 306 and 369, respectively, to transmit motion from the shaft212 to the shaft 283. The shaft 283 is therefore driven at a uniformvelocity and in the same direction as the shaft 212, but in a directionopposite to the intermittent rotation of the shaft 282 under actuationof the Geneva mechanism 303-218. It is seen, then, that the resultantmotion of the differential housing 284 corresponds to subtracting-theuniform motion of shaft 283 from the intermittent variable motion ofshaft 282. r Y

The motion of the work when the machine is geared according to Fig. 38is illustrated diagrammatically. by the velocity diagram of Fig.- 39.

Thisis the result, in other words, of use of a driver such as the driver3ll3 which has four pins spaced 90 apart. In the modification of, theinvention illustrated in Figs. 22 to 31 inclusive, the turning motion ofthe Work not only stops but is also slightly reversed. To obtainv this,a uniform motion must be subtracted from the Geneva motion. This occurswhen change gears 3B8, 3H], 3H and 309 instead of a Geneva mechanism,are used to drive shaft 283.

In the velocity diagram of Fig. 39 the result of the combination ofuniform motion on shaft 283 with varying motion on shaft 282 is that theabscissa is raised from a position such as denoted at 3m to the position3H. Distance 3!!! corresponds to a tooth cycle and to 90 rotation ofshaft 2'12. Point 320 on curve 315 corresponds to-the position shown inFigs. 22 and 2'7 .at the start of the chamfering operation on a side ofa tooth. Point 32! corresponds to the position shown in Figs. 23 and 28when the chamfering operation at this tooth side is complete. Point 322corresponds to the full-depth position shown in Figs. 24 and 29. Point323 corresponds to the position of Figs. 25 and 30, when the chamferinoperation on the opposite side of a spaced tooth is starting, and point324 to the position of Figs. 26 and 31 when this chamfering operation isabout completed. The opposite side surfaces l9l and I92 of spaced teethare finished, respectively, at times corresponding to points 325 and326, respectively, when the blank stands still for a moment.

Fig. 41 illustrates how the drive mechanism of the machine may bemodified in order to cut load releasing clutches whose opposite sidetooth surfaces are helical surfaces. Fig. 42 illustrates how the driveof the machine may be modified in order to out a saw-tooth type ofclutch which has one side of each tooth straight. and parallel to itsaxis and the other side a helical tooth surface. In each case, a drivemember 333 with a single pin 335 is employed to drive shaft 282. Theshaft 283, in each case, is driven from the shaft 212 at a uniformvelocity. In the arrangement of Fig. 41 the drive to the shaft 283 isthrough a single pair of spur change gear 331and 338 so that throughoperation of the differential 284, the uniform motion of the shaft 283may be added to the intermittent Geneva motion of shaft 282. In thearrangement of Fig. 42, the drive to the shaft 283 is through compoundchange gears 34!], 34!, and 343 so that the intermittent Geneva motionis subtracted from the uniform motion obtained through said changegears.

Moreover, while the invention has been described in connection with thecutting of clutches, it will be understood that it is applicable also tothe grinding of clutches. Instead of a face mill cutter, for instance,an annular grinding wheel may be used, or a cup-shaped oscillatorygrinding wheel. The grinding wheels may be shaped and employed in thesame way as the cutters previously described. In the specification andclaims, therefore, where the term cutting or cutting tool is used, it isto be understood that itis intended to include also grinding andgrinding tools.

Indeed, while a number of difierent embodiments of the invention havebeen described, it will be understood that the invention is capable ofstill further modification, and this application is intended to coverany variations, uses, or adaptationsof the invention following, ingeneral, the principles of the invention and includ ing such departuresfrom the present disclosure as come within known or customary practicein the art to which the invention pertains and as may be'applied to theessential features hereinbefore set forth and asfall within the scope ofthe invention or the limits of the appended claims.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim is: 1 4

1. A machine for cuttingclutches and the like comprising a base, a pairofslides mounted on the base for movement in two directions at rightangles to one another, a tool support mounted on one slide and a worksupport mounted on the other slide for angular adjustment on the slideabout axes that are parallel to one another, a tool spindle journaled inthe tool support with its axis at right angles to the axis about whichthe tool support isv adjustable, a work spindle journaled in the worksupport with its axis extending at right, angles to the axis ofadjustment of said work support, a face mill cutter secured to the toolspindle, means for rotating the tool spindle, means for rotating thework spindle intermittently, and means for reciprocating one slide toeffect alternate relative feed of the cutter into and away from thework.

2. A machine for cutting clutches and the like comprising a base, a pairof slides mounted on the base for movement in two directions at rightangles to one another, a tool support mounted on one slide and a worksupport mounted on the other slide for angular adjustment on the slidesabout axes that are parallel to one another, a

tool spindle j ournaled in the tool support; with its axis at rightangles to the axis aboutwhich the tool support -is adjustable, a" workspindle journaled in the work-support with its aXiS eX- tending at rightangles to the axis ofadjustment of the work support, a face mill cuttersecured to the tool-spindle, means for rotati'ngthe tool spindle; meansforrotating the work spindle intermittently, and means for reciprocatingone slide'to effect alternate relative-feed of the'cutter into and awayfrom thework, the'means for rotating the work spindle comprising adiiferen-- tial, one element of whichjisconnected to the work spindle,and means for separatelydriving the other two elements ofthe'differential at different rates. Y p

3. A machine for cutting-clutchesfand the like comprising a toolsupport, a toolrotatably mounted on' said support, means for rotatingthe tool, a Work support, a work spindle journaled inthe work spindle toactuate the same, and means for producing a depthwise feed between thetool and the Work in time with the rotation of said continuouslyrotating shaft.

4. A machine for cutting clutches and the like comprising a tool'support, a tool rotatably mounted on said support,- means for rotatingthe tool, a Work support, a work'spindle journaled in the work support,means for rotating the work spindle'comprising a continuously rotatingshaft, means for efie'ctingintermittent rotary motion in one directionon rotation of said shaft,'means fofproducing continuousrota-v tion inone direction on rotationof said shaft, and means for combining theintermittent rotation with the continuous rotation, said last-namedmeans being operativelyconnected with the work spindle to rotate thesame, and means for producing a depthwise feed between the tool and workin time with the rotation of said shaft.

5. A machine for cutting clutches andthe like comprising a tool support,a tool rotatably mounted on said support, means for rotating the tool, awork support, a work spindle journaled in the work support, means forrotating the work spindle comprising a continuously rtating shaft, meansfor effecting intermittent rotary motion in one direction on rotation ofsaid shaft, means including change gears for producing continuousrotation in either direction on rotation of said shaft, and means forcombining the intermittent rotation with the continuous rotation ineither direction so that the two motions may be added or subtracted,said last-named means being operatively connected with the work spindleto rotate the same, and means for producing a'depthwise feed between thetool and work in time with the rotation of said shaft.

6. A machine for cutting clutches and the like comprising a toolsupport, a tool rotatably mounted on said support,- means for rotatingthe tool, a work support, a work spindle journaled in the work support,means, for rotating the work spindle comprising a continuously rotatingshaft, means for effecting intermittent rotary motion in one directionon rotation of said shaft, separate means operative on rotation of saidshaft for producing motion continuously during the work of the cycle ofcutting a tooth, and means for combining the intermittent rotation withthe continuous motion, said last-named means being operatively connectedwith the work spindle to rotate the same,-and means for producing adepthwise feed between the tool and the work in time with the rotationof said shaft.

7. A machine for cutting clutches and the like comprising a toolsupport, a tool movably mounted on said support, means for actuating thetool, a work support, a work spindle journaled in the work support,means for rotating the work spindle comprising a continuously rotatingshaft, a differential, separate means for driving two elements of saiddifferential from said shaft, at least one of which rotates its elementintermittently, and means for connecting a third element of thedifferential to the work spindle to drive the work spindle, and meansfor producing a depthwise feed between the tool and Work in time withthe rotation of said shaft.

8. A machine for cutting clutches and the like comprising a toolsupport, a tool movably mounted on said support, means for actuating thetool, a work support, a work spindle journaled in the work support,means for rotating the work spindle comprising a continuously rotatingshaft, a differential, separate means for intermittently driving twoelements of said differential from said shaft, and meansfor connecting athird element of the differential to the work spindle to drive the workspindle, and means for producing a depthwise feed between the tool andwork in time with the rotation of said shaft.

9. A machine for cutting clutches and the like comprising a toolsupport, a tool movably mounted on said support, means for actuating thetool, a work support, a work spindle journaled in the work support,means for rotating the work spindle comprising a continuously rotatingshaft, a differential, separate means for intermittently driving twoelements of said differential from said shaft, and means for connectinga third element of the differential to the work spindle to drive thework spindle, and means for producing a depthwise feed between the tooland work in time with the rotation of said shaft, said shaft beingdriven to make one revolution per tooth cycle of the machine, and bothof said intermittent drive means being constructed to actuate theirvrespective differential elements a plurality of times per tooth cycle ofthe machine.

10. A machine for cutting clutches and the like comprising a toolsupport, a tool movably mounted on said support, means for actuating thetool, a work support, a work spindle journaled in the work support,means for rotating the work spindle comprising a continuously rotatingshaft, a differential, means for intermittently driving one element ofsaid differential from said shaft, means for continuously drivinganother element of the differential from said shaft, and means forconnecting a third element of the differential to the work spindle todrive the work spindle, and means for producing a depthwise feed betweenthe tool and Work in time with the rotation of said shaft.

11. A machine for cutting clutches and the like comprising a toolsupport, a tool movably mounted on said support, means for actuating thetool, a work support, a work spindle journaled 12. A machine for cuttingclutches and the like comprising a tool support, a tool movably mountedon said support, means for actuating the tool, a work support, a workspindle journaled in the work support, means for rotating the workspindle comprising a continuously rotating shaft, a differential, meansfor intermittently driving one element of said differential in onedirection from said shaft, means for continuously driving anotherelement of the differential from said shaft in the opposite direction,and means for connecting a third element of the differential to the workspindle to drive the work spindle, and means for producing a depthwisefeed between the tool and work in time with the rotation of said shaft.

13. A machine for cutting toothed face clutches and the like comprisinga work support, a tool support, a work spindle journaled on the worksupport, a tool mounted on the tool support, a slide on which one ofsaid supports is mounted and which is movable depthwise of the work,

mg said slide in time with the motion imparted to the work spindle bysaid connecting means to effect relative depthwise feed motion betweenthe cutter and work during cutting.

14. A machine for cutting toothed face clutches and the like comprisinga work support, a tool support, a work spindle journaled in the worksupport, a face mill cutter journaled on said tool support, a slide onwhich one of said supports is mounted, said slide being movable in adirection depthwise of the work, means for rotating the cutter, athree-element differential, means for imparting an intermittent motionto one element of said differential, means for imparting a differentintermittent motion to a second element of said differential, meansconnecting the third element of said differential to said work spindleto impart the combined motion of the two firstnamed elements of saiddifferential to said work spindle during cutting, and means for movingsaid slide in time with the motion imparted to the work spindle by saidconnecting means to effect relative depthwise feed motion between cutterand work.

15. A machine for cutting toothed face clutches and the like comprisinga work support, a tool support, a work spindle journaled in the worksupport, a face mill cutter journaled on said tool support, a slide onwhich one of said supports is mounted, said slide being movable in adirection depthwise of the work, means for rotating the cutter, athree-element diiferential, means for imparting an intermittent motionto one element of said differential, means for imparting a continuousmotion at a uniform velocity to a second element of said differential,means connecting the third element of said differential to said workspindle to impart the combined motion of said first two elements to saidwork spindle, and means for moving said slide in time with the motion ofsaid work spindle to effect relative depthwise feed motion between thecutter and work.

16. A machine for cutting toothed face clutches and the like comprisinga base, a work support, a tool support, a work spindle journaled in thework support, a face mill cutter journaled in the tool support, a slideon which one of said supports is mounted, said slide being reciprocableon said base in the direction of the axis of the work spindle, means forrotating said cutter, means for reciprocating said slide, athree-element diiferential, means comprising at Geneva mechanism fordriving one element of said differential intermittently, meanscomprising a Geneva mechanism for driving a second element of saiddifferential intermittently, said two Geneva mechanisms being out ofphase with one another, and means connecting the third element of saiddifferential to said work spindle to drive said work spindle from saiddifferential.

ERNEST WILDHABER.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file ofthis patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,044,485 Schauseil et a1 June16, 1936 2,302,004 Carlsen Nov. 17, 1942

